Most popular shotgun gauge worldwide. Versatile for hunting, sport, defense. Available in countless load configurations.
Type: Shotgun
Introduced: 1870, United Kingdom
Parent case: None
Standardization: SAAMI
Bullet diameter: 0.729" (18.52 mm)
Case length: 2.75" (69.85 mm)
Overall length: 2.75" (69.85 mm)
Max pressure: 11,500 PSI
Rim type: Rimmed
Primer: 209 Shotshell
Typical twist rate: N/A (smoothbore)
Muzzle velocity: 1150–1600 fps
Muzzle energy: 2000–4000 ft-lbs
Effective range: 50 yd
Primary use: Hunting, Self Defense, Target, Military
Production status: Active
Also known as: 12ga · 18.5x70mm
History: Standardized in 1870s. Named because 12 lead balls of bore diameter equal 1 pound. Became dominant shotgun gauge. Used in both World Wars and every conflict since.
Notable firearms: Remington 870, Mossberg 500, Benelli M4, Winchester 1897
Military use: {"country":"Various","years":"1900s-present","conflicts":["WWI","WWII","Vietnam","Modern conflicts"]}
Similar cartridges: 20 Gauge, 16 Gauge