Soviet answer to 5.56 NATO. Smaller, higher velocity than 7.62x39mm. Known for tumbling bullet design causing severe wounds.
Type: Rifle
Introduced: 1974, Soviet Union
Parent case: None
Standardization: Soviet / Russian GRAU
Bullet diameter: 0.22" (5.6 mm)
Case length: 1.535" (39 mm)
Overall length: 2.244" (57 mm)
Max pressure: 55,000 PSI
Rim type: Rimless
Primer: Small Rifle
Typical twist rate: 1:7.87
Muzzle velocity: 2900–3000 fps
Muzzle energy: 950–1100 ft-lbs
Effective range: 500 yd
Common bullet weights: 52, 53, 60, 69 gr
Primary use: Military
Production status: Active
Also known as: 5.45 Soviet · 5.45x39
History: Developed as Soviet response to US adoption of 5.56mm. After Afghanistan experience with 7.62x39mm, Soviets wanted lighter recoiling, flatter-shooting cartridge. Introduced in 1974 with AK-74. The bullet has unique construction with air space in tip, causing it to tumble violently on impact. Replaced 7.62x39mm as Soviet standard rifle cartridge.
Notable firearms: AK-74, AK-74M, AKS-74U, RPK-74, AN-94
Military use: {"country":"Soviet Union/Russia","years":"1974-present","conflicts":["Afghanistan","Chechnya","Syria","Ukraine"]}, {"country":"Former Soviet states","years":"1974-present","conflicts":["Various"]}
Similar cartridges: 5.56x45mm NATO, .223 Remington