Law enforcement favorite in 1990s-2010s. Compromise between 9mm capacity and .45 ACP power. Losing popularity to modern 9mm.
Type: Pistol
Introduced: 1990, United States
Parent case: 10mm Auto
Standardization: SAAMI
Bullet diameter: 0.4" (10.16 mm)
Case length: 0.85" (21.59 mm)
Overall length: 1.135" (28.83 mm)
Max pressure: 35,000 PSI
Rim type: Rimless
Primer: Small Pistol
Typical twist rate: 1:16
Muzzle velocity: 1050–1200 fps
Muzzle energy: 400–500 ft-lbs
Effective range: 50 yd
Common bullet weights: 155, 165, 180 gr
Primary use: Self Defense, Target
Production status: Active
Also known as: .40 Smith & Wesson · 10x22mm
History: Developed in 1990 as FBI's solution after 1986 Miami shootout. FBI wanted 10mm power but agents couldn't handle recoil, so S&W shortened case. Dominated LE for 20 years before agencies returned to 9mm.
Notable firearms: Glock 22, Glock 23, S&W M&P40, SIG P229
Similar cartridges: 10mm Auto, 9mm Luger, .45 ACP